The Mandolin :: essays research papers

The Mandolin The mandolin has been around since the end of the 16th Century, although it didn’t look much like the instrument we know today. It evolved in the 18th century and was built in several varieties in different Italian towns, the Neapolitan mandolin becoming the representative type. It was played widely throughout Western Europe from around 1700 to 1810. In the late 1800s a stronger bowl back instrument was developed in Naples, Italy by the Vinaccia family. Known today as the Neapolitan mandolin, this instrument has a bent soundboard, moveable bridge, metal strings and is plucked with a pick. At the end of the 1800s, the Neapolitan mandolin was popular both in Italy and throughout Western Europe. It spread to the U.S. with Italian immigration. The instrument conceived by the Gibson Company in the early 1900s today dominates the Mandolin in the U.S. Built more like a violin with carved single pieces of wood for the front and back, most modern American flat backs are based on Gibson designs. All three of these instruments: Baroque mandolin, round back or Neapolitan mandolin and flat back mandolin, are still played and the musical traditions from the different periods survive on all continents. Mandolins evolved from the Lute family in Italy during the 17th -18th centuries, and the deep bowled mandolin produced particularly in Naples became a common type in the19th century. The original instrument was the mandola (mandorla is almond in Italian and describes the instrument body shape) and evolved in the 15th century from the lute. Later, smaller mandola was developed and became known as a mandolina. Mandolins can be used for a variety of occasions. The Italian mandolin is used for birthdays, or births of a baby. Anniversaries, and especially weddings, I know my parents had a mandolin at there wedding. Mandolins have a soft and gentle sound perfect for these occasions. The mandolin is played kind of like a guitar, but has obvious differences. There are many artists that play the mandolin, but the only one that I know of is my Aunt. (Adriana Vitale). She has not mastered the mandolin but she can play decent, sometimes. She said â€Å"When played right the mandolin has a nice deep gentle sound and sounds as beautiful as it looks, but when I play it, it sounds like a ukulele†.

Discuss Two or More Psychological Explanations

Discuss two or more psychological explanations for institutional aggression. The importation model is a dispositional theory which states that an individual would bring in – import – characteristics from outside of prison which lead them to be aggressive in daily life. This then leads to aggression while incarcerated. Cheeseman said that men have a certain way of behaving, probably why they ended up in prison to begin with, which they then apply to their new setting. Irwin and Cressey found 3 subcultures within prisons, the criminal, the convict and the straight/conventional.They found that the convict subculture were most likely to be aggressive as they are influenced by deprivation, and bring values of this into the prison setting. Also, certain factors such as age, sex and race can affect the level of aggression you exhibit in prisons, as found by Janus. Support comes from DeLisi who examined prison records of 831 prison inmates from South West USA. They made note of prisoners who had been involved in street and prison gangs. They found a small but significant relationship between gang membership and prison aggression.This implies that they imported subculture values of being in a gang with them into prisons. Further support comes from Poole and Regoli who looked at juvenile correction facilities and found that inmates who were violent outside of prison where more likely to be violent inside of prison. This shows that they may have imported aggressive characteristics into the prison setting with them. However, in a real life setting this theory isn’t particularly useful, as it does not give any suggestions as to how aggression can be reduced within prisons.Also it is deterministic to say that people of a certain race, age and education level will be aggressive within prison as it ignores the fact that humans have free will and also would lead to stereotyping within prison. This theory can be considered socially sensitive as people will b e stereotyped and treatment towards them by others could change. This would in turn lead to scapegoating and possibly have a negative impact on the persons self esteem. The deprivation model is a situational model.Situational models say that it is the environment which causes aggression, not the individuals. This model suggests that aggressive behaviour within prisons is due to a prisoner being deprived of 5 fundamental rights that they would have outside of the prison setting. These include liberty –prisoners aren’t trusted to live in the free world, autonomy – prisoners have a lack of power – and security. When these are removed, it can lead to prisoners becoming stressed, anxious and often they act aggressively towards others to release this.Prison settings can also lead to deindividuation, as prisoners are represented by numbers and wear the same uniform as everyone else, causing them to lose their own identity. This can lead to aggression as individu als do not feel accountable for their actions. Also, the dysfunctional power systems model, outlined by Zimbardo, says that when people are given power without direction It can lead to aggressive behaviour. This is known as the Lucifer Effect, which was Zimbardo’s assertion that situations turn good people evil.An example that supports this is the treatment of Iraqi prisoners of war in Abu Ghraib. American military police tortured and abused Iraqi detainees after being given power to make sure they were ready for interrogation. This gave them the power to treat prisoners how they wished, without any restrictions on what is acceptable to do to them. This also supports the theory of deindividuation, as the soldiers were anonymous, and dehumanized the prisoners to make what they were doing appear justified.The deprivation model is culturally bias to a westernized culture, as in some cases where deprivation is common throughout life, prison may actually be a better environment fo r prisoners than their usual living environment, which would not explain any aggressive behaviour they may have. Also, in terms of applications to the real world, this model is quite effective, as if these deprivations were somehow prevented, it may improve aggression in prisons.

Analysis Of The Students Wife By Raymond Carver - 1060 Words

On the first read of The Student’s Wife by Raymond Carver, it seems this is a story of a man who is trying to sleep and a woman who is simply nagging. This short essay will convey the depth and significance of both trying to sleep and nagging. The text is only effective in the third person omniscient perspective. Carver utilizes, through perspective and clever language, the ability to see into the mind of each character at specific times. The reader sees and hears what is required to be heard and who is required to be seen and heard from. The story title is the first impression given by the story: a woman who is the wife of a student. Nan is not much more than a housewife, or so it seems in the beginning. To begin with, the role of†¦show more content†¦After waking up from the interruption of no longer being read to, Nan wants a sandwich. Mike doesn’t reply and pretends to sleep, becoming an ostrich— I can’t see you, you can’t see me. Mike opens his eyes to reveal a wide-eyed Nan to which he asks â€Å"’Can’t you go to sleep Nan?’ he said, very solemnly†. The role of language is imperative; the text must move forward and continue to give the impression that Mike is not acknowledging Nan’s persistent yearning to be acknowledged. The story utilizes the omniscient perspective, perhaps most effectively after Nan asks Mike if he remembers the time they had gone away for a weekend after getting married. â€Å"I remember† Mike says, but in reality â€Å"He did not remember well, he thought. What he did remember was loud half-baked ideas about life and art, and he did not want to remember that.† Mike makes it clear he doesn’t want to remember the story by telling Nan â€Å"That was a long time ago.† The text is stylized in such a way that the story tells the reader that Mike does not want to remember Nan’s story twice without giving the impression of repetition. From Nan’s perspective, we see that she wishes to get information out of Mike, no matter how arbitrary. But, Nan gives Mike the impression that she is ready to fall asleep by saying â€Å"Just hold me and get me off to sleep. I can’t go to sleep.† The language used declares that all Mike must do is hold Nan and she will be off to sleep. Shortly